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Lúcio Costa
Lúcio Marçal Ferreira Ribeiro Lima Costa (27 February 1902 – 13 June 1998) was a Brazilian architect and urban planner, best known for his plan for Brasília.〔Gerald W. R. Ward -The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques in Art 2008- Page 121 ".. and the burgeoning school of modern architecture in Latin America, most notably at the Ministry of Education and Health in Rio de Janeiro (now the Palácio da Cultura, 1937–43) by Lúcio Costa (1902–98) ..."〕
==Career==
Costa was born in Toulon, France, son of Brazilian parents. His father Joaquim Ribeiro da Costa, from Salvador, Bahia, was a naval engineer, and his mother Alina Ferreira da Costa, was from Manaus.〔''Com a palavra, Lúcio Costa'' Lúcio Costa, Maria Elisa Costa 2000 Page 161 - "LÚCIO COSTA (1902-1998) o percurso Anos 10 Nascido em Toulon, França, em 27 de fevereiro de 1902, filho do engenheiro naval Joaquim Ribeiro da Costa, natural de Salvador, Bahia, e de Alina Ferreira da Costa, natural de Manaus, .."〕 He was educated at the Royal Grammar School, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, and at the ''Collège National'' in Montreux, Switzerland, until 1916, he graduated as an architect in 1924 from the National School of Fine Arts (Escola Nacional de Belas Artes) in Rio de Janeiro. After some early works in the eclectic manner, he adopted Modernism in 1929. In 1930 Costa established a partnership with Russian-born Brazilian architect Gregori Warchavchik, and also became the Director of the National School of Fine Arts where he had studied. Even though he found students eager to be taught in the "new style," his ruthless administration won him the opposition of the faculty and student body, and Costa eventually had to resign after a year in office. He joined the newly created SPHAN (''Servico do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional'' - National Service of Historic and Artistic Heritage) in 1937 under Rodrigo Melo Franco de Andrade. He remained at the National Heritage Service until retirement, acceding to the top post of director, where he was followed by his granddaughter Maria Elisa Costa. During his tenure as regional and then national director, he became involved in numerous controversial decisions (see Controversies).
Costa became a figure associated with reconciling traditional Brazilian forms and construction techniques with international modernism, particularly the work of Le Corbusier. His works include the Brazilian pavilion at the New York World's Fair of 1939 (designed with Oscar Niemeyer), the Parque Guinle residential complex in Rio of 1948, and the Hotel do Park São Clemente in Nova Friburgo of 1948. Among his major works are also the Ministry of Education and Health, in Rio (1936–43), designed with Oscar Niemeyer, Roberto Burle Marx, among others, and consulted by Le Corbusier, and the Pilot Plan of Brasília, a competition winner designed in 1957 and mostly built in 1958-1960.
Costa taught geometry and drawing at the Liceu de Artes e Ofícios of Rio from 1938-1954. The Liceu was affiliated with the Associação Académica de Coimbra where Costa also taught until 1966, and received a Medal of Merit from the Portuguese government.〔 Héctor Olea, Mari Carmen Ramírez -''Building on a construct: the Adolpho Leirner collection of Brazilian constructive art at the Houston Museum of Fine Arts, 2009 Page 356 "Beginning in 1938, Costa taught descriptive geometry and drawing for sixteen years at the Liceu de Artes ... which was affiliated with the Associação Académica de Coimbra — where Costa taught until 1966 - he received a Medal of Merit from the Portuguese government.〕
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